Sound from a bottle as basic principle

Sound is defined as the mechanical vibration of material which lies in the audible frequency range of human beings. As the perception of sound always occurs via the air (except in special medical cases), "sound from a bottle" is in a way the most basic principle of sound production:
Blowing into the opening of a bottle causes pressure vibrations which excite the air column in the bottle, causing it to vibrate. These vibrations then propagate in the form of sound waves through the air and are thus directly perceived.

Information and ideas:
In the standard experiments involving solid body vibrations with elastic bands etc, the vibrations are first transmitted to the molecules in the air and are thus, so to speak, only indirectly audible. In the bottle experiment, sound production and propagation occur in the same medium. As transmission through the air is indispensable for the human sense of hearing, it is sensible from a pedagogical standpoint, to begin with vibrating air as a source of sound.

Extensions to the experiment:
- Fill a test tube with little polystyrene balls
and then blow over the opening.
The students can then observe, that
the polystyrene balls move.
- Fill bottle with water: How does the tone change at different water levels?

Relevant for teaching:
Sound/acoustics: parameters
Acoustic phenomena

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Personal, social and health education (PSHE); Physics; Technology

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Sound; Resonance (physical process); Sound (basic phenomenon); Sound production

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